Science+Chapter+7+Notes

Science Chapter 7 Notes: Lesson 1: Why do adaptations vary among species?


 * __Adaptation__**- A characteristic that enables an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.


 * __Camouflage__**-The ability to blend in with the environment and/or surroundings


 * __Mimicry-__** the resemblance of an animal species to another species

A. Examples of adaptations:


 * Animal || Adaptation ||
 * chameleon || camouflage ||
 * Viceroy butterfly || Mimics the colors and markings of a monarch butterfly, but is not poisonous ||
 * Elephants || Moves in large groups ||
 * __Structural Adaptations:__** the body parts or physical features of species that help them to survive.

1. Bills on birds that help them eat, 2. Web feet to help them swim, 3. Waterproof skin to keep too much water from coming into the body
 * Examples: **
 * __Behavioral Adaptations:__** The things organisms DO to help them survive.

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 * Examples: **
 * 1) Migration-to pass periodically from one region or climate to another, as certain birds, fishes, and animals in wintertime
 * 2) Hibernation-to spend the winter in close quarters in a dormant condition, as bears and certain other animals.
 * 3) Nocturnal- active at night
 * 4) Diurnal- active during the day

Lesson 2, Chapter 7 Notes I. Predators- A predator is an animal that catches and devours its prey. The animal that is eaten is the prey. Predators are classified as carnivore, herbivore and omnivore.

A. Carnivore- are animals that eat only other animals. (Wolf) B. Herbivore -are animals that eat only plants. (Grasshopper) C. Omnivore-are animals that eat both plants and animals. (Opossum)

II. Predator-prey relationship A. Producer- is a green plant able to make its own food by photosynthesis.

B. Consumers- an organism that depends on producers for its food needs.

TROPHIC LEVELS FOR CONSUMERS 1. Primary- Primary consumers pretty much eat only plants (exception is an omnivore) Animals like rabbits, horses and cows are exclusively primary consumers 2. Secondary-eat primary consumers (A lion that kills and eats a zebra is a secondary consumer 3. Tertiary- Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. If a bear eats a fish, which has been feeding on algae, the bear is functioning as a tertiary consumer. The fish was a primary consumer; the algae were producers 4. Quaternary-Quaternary consumers eat tertiary consumers. In the above example how could the bear be a quaternary consumer? C. Decomposer-an organism that obtains its food from wastes and dead organisms.

III. Energy transfer in Ecosystems

A. Food Chain- Shows a possible path that energy can take through an ecosystem.

1. A food chain is the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community (an ecosystem) to obtain nutrition. Example:

B. Food Web-Shows how food chains in an ecosystem are connected Example:

Grass-à rabbità fox Grassà grasshopperà ratà eagle C. Energy Pyramid: 1. In any food web, energy is lost each time one organism eats another. Because of this, there have to be many more plants than there are plant-eaters. There are more autotrophs than heterotrophs, and more plant-eaters than meat-eaters.

2. As energy goes “up” the pyramid, energy decreases a. Energy lost as the animal uses it b. Energy lost as heat c. Energy is stored in the organisms’ tissues c. Only about 10% of an organisms energy is passed from one level of a food chain to the next. 3. As organisms go “down” the pyramid, their numbers increase 4. Harmful substances can also pass from organism to organism (chemicals, viruses, bacteria, gases, etc)

Lesson 2, Chapter 7 Notes I. Predators- A predator is an animal that catches and devours its prey. The animal that is eaten is the prey. Predators are classified as carnivore, herbivore and omnivore.

A. Carnivore- are animals that eat only other animals. (Wolf) B. Herbivore -are animals that eat only plants. (Grasshopper) C. Omnivore-are animals that eat both plants and animals. (Opossum)

II. Predator-prey relationship A. Producer- is a green plant able to make its own food by photosynthesis.

B. Consumers- an organism that depends on producers for its food needs.

TROPHIC LEVELS FOR CONSUMERS 1. Primary- Primary consumers pretty much eat only plants (exception is an omnivore) Animals like rabbits, horses and cows are exclusively primary consumers 2. Secondary-eat primary consumers (A lion that kills and eats a zebra is a secondary consumer 3. Tertiary- Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers. If a bear eats a fish, which has been feeding on algae, the bear is functioning as a tertiary consumer. The fish was a primary consumer; the algae were producers 4. Quaternary-Quaternary consumers eat tertiary consumers. In the above example how could the bear be a quaternary consumer? C. Decomposer-an organism that obtains its food from wastes and dead organisms.

III. Energy transfer in Ecosystems

A. Food Chain- Shows a possible path that energy can take through an ecosystem.

1. A food chain is the sequence of who eats whom in a biological community (an ecosystem) to obtain nutrition. Example:

B. Food Web-Shows how food chains in an ecosystem are connected Example:

Grass-à rabbità fox Grassà grasshopperà ratà eagle C. Energy Pyramid: 1. In any food web, energy is lost each time one organism eats another. Because of this, there have to be many more plants than there are plant-eaters. There are more autotrophs than heterotrophs, and more plant-eaters than meat-eaters.

2. As energy goes “up” the pyramid, energy decreases a. Energy lost as the animal uses it b. Energy lost as heat c. Energy is stored in the organisms’ tissues c. Only about 10% of an organisms energy is passed from one level of a food chain to the next. 3. As organisms go “down” the pyramid, their numbers increase 4. Harmful substances can also pass from organism to organism (chemicals, viruses, bacteria, gases, etc)

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** Lesson 3, Chapter 7 Notes: Competition **
B. Competition occurs when organisms have similar needs C. Predator/ Prey Relationships 1. Predators feed on prey (predation) 2. Increases and decreases in the number of predators affect the number of prey 3. Carrying Capacity-How many organisms an ecosystem can support II. Symbiosis- a close, long term relationship between organisms that benefits at least one of the organisms. A. Types of symbiosis 1. Parasitism- one organism is helped, but the other is harmed a. parasite- the organism that benefits from the relationship b. host- the organism that is harmed c. Example-Ticks that suck the blood of deer. 2. Mutualism- both organisms benefit a. Example: Clownfish and sea anemone. (1) The tentacles around the mouth of the sea anemone will be used to eat many fish, but not the clownfish. (2) The clownfish swim out and capture food, then return to the tentacles (which protect them from predators) and the sea anemone will eat food scraps that fall from the mouth of the fish. 3. Commensalism- helps one organism but neither helps nor harms the other organism a) **** Example: 1. Birds use tree branches for roosting sites. 2. The trees get nothing but are not harmed. **
 * 1) **Competition- the struggle among organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources.**
 * A. Organisms that can adapt have a better survival rate

126748172212674817221267481722126748172212674817221267481722126748172212674817221267481722126748172212674817221267481722126748172212674817221267481722126748172212674817221267481722126748172212674817221267481722126748172212674817221267481722126748172212674817221267481722user:IamMrsMiller Lesson 4 Lecture Notes- “How Materials cycle Through an Ecosystem”

Cycles of Matter Background Information: Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space. Forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas. Matter can change physically and chemically. Law of Conservation of Matter: Matter can neither be created or destroyed in chemical or physical processes. 1. **Water Cycle:** the process of evaporation, condensation and precipitation. a. Evaporation: liquid to gas b. Condensation: gas to liquid c. Precipitation: Water vapor in clouds condenses to form rain, snow, sleet or hail. 2. **Carbon Cycle**: Producers, consumers, and decomposers play roles in the recycling of carbon and oxygen in an ecosystem. a. During photosynthesis producers convert carbon dioxide gas into fodd molecules. b. Consumers eat producers breaking down these carbon compounds to get energy. They release carbon dioxide as a waste product of this process. c. Decomposers also release carbon dioxide when they breakdown wastes in the environment. 3. **Oxygen Cycle:** a. Producers release oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. b. Most organisms need oxygen to carry out their own life processes. 4. **Human Impact:** a. Burning fossil fuels uses oxygen and releases more carbon dioxide. b. Cutting down trees reduces the number of producers that can create oxygen. 5. **Nitrogen Cycle:** Nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things and back into the air. a. The Earth’s atmosphere is made up of 78% nitrogen. b. Nitrogen in the air is N2. It is two nitrogen atoms bonded together. Organisms cannot use nitrogen in this form. c. Nitrogen Fixation: when N2 is combined chemically with other elements. Once this happens, it can be used by organisms. i. Bacteria found in the nodules found on the roots of legumes can fix nitrogen. ii. Once nitrogen is fixed organisms can use it to build proteins and other complex compounds. iii. Decomposers return nitrogen compounds to the soil. iv. Bacteria breaks down nitrogen compounds to release free nitrogen.

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I. Natural Changes- take place in ecosystems A. Can take place very quickly- natural disasters B. Can take place slowly, over time- Climate change or succession 1. Succession-A series of predictable changes that occur over time a. Succession occurs because organisms affect their environment b. Types of succession 1. Primary succession- the gradual growth of organisms in an area that was previously bare, such as rock. (For example lichens, mosses, and ferns will first appear on bare rock.) 2. Secondary succession-is the series of community changes which take place on a previously colonized, but disturbed or damaged habitat. Examples include areas which have been cleared of existing vegetation (such as after tree-felling in a woodland) and destructive events such as fires. c. Secondary succession is usually much quicker than primary succession for the following reasons: 1. There is already an existing seed bank of suitable plants in the soil. (SEEDS EXIST IN THE SOIL) 2. Root systems undisturbed in the soil, stumps and other plant parts from previously existing plants can rapidly regenerate. (PLANTS ALREADY THERE CAN EASILY GROW) 3. The fertility and structure of the soil has also already been changed by previous organisms to make it more suitable for growth and colonization. (SOIL IS ALREADY FERTILE) II. Human Activities Cause Changes in Ecosystems A. Harmful Activities- clearing land, polluting the environment, and introducing new species into areas 1. Landfills were thought to be helpful by reducing odors and health hazards, but they harm the environment by changing the land 2. Ranching and Farming- Overgrazing 3. Burning fossil fuels B. Helpful Activities- Cleaning up oil spills, recycling, conserving Preventing damage to ecosystems- Being informed about the environment and the way ecosystems work-BE AWARE and AVOID ACTIONS THAT CAUSE HARM